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HTG Explains: What’s the Difference Between Ad-Hoc and Infrastructure Mode?
Not all Wi-Fi networks are created equal. Wi-Fi access points can function in either “ad-hoc” or “infrastructure” mode, and many WI-Fi-enabled devices can only connect to infrastructure-mode networks, not ad-hoc ones.
Wi-Fi networks in infrastructure mode are generally created by Wi-Fi routers, while ad-hoc networks are usually short-lived networks created by a laptop or other device. But it isn’t always so simple.
Infrastructure and Ad-Hoc Modes Explained
Most Wi-Fi networks function in infrastructure mode. Devices on the network all communicate through a single access point, which is generally the wireless router. For example, let’s say you have two laptops sitting next to each other, each connected to the same wireless network. Even when sitting right next to each other, they’re not communicating directly. Instead, they’re communicating indirectly through the wireless access point. They send packets to the access point — probably a wireless router — and it sends the packets back to the other laptop. Infrastructure mode requires a central access point that all devices connect to.
Ad-hoc mode is also known as “peer-to-peer” mode. Ad-hoc networks don’t require a centralized access point. Instead, devices on the wireless network connect directly to each other. If you set up the two laptops in ad-hoc wireless mode, they’d connect directly to each other without the need for a centralized access point.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Ad-hoc mode can be easier to set up if you just want to connect two devices to each other without requiring a centralized access point. For example, let’s say you have two laptops and you’re sitting in a hotel room without Wi-Fi. You can connect them directly with ad-hoc mode to form a temporary Wi-Fi network without needing a router. The new Wi-Fi Direct standard also builds on ad-hoc mode, allowing devices to communicate directly over Wi-Fi signals. Infrastructure mode is ideal if you’re setting up a more permanent network. Wireless routers that function as access points generally have higher-power wireless radios and antennas so they can cover a wider area. If you’re using a laptop to set up a wireless network, you’ll be limited by the power of the laptop’s wireless radio, which won’t be as strong as a router’s.
Ad-hoc mode also has other disadvantages. It requires more system resources as the physical network layout will change as devices move around, while an access point in infrastructure mode generally remains stationary. If many devices are connected to the ad-hoc network, there will be more wireless interference — each computer has to establish a direct connection to each other computer rather than going through a single access point. If a device is out of range of another device it wants to connect to, it will pass the data through other devices on the way. Passing the data through several computers is just slower than passing it through a single access point. Ad-hoc networks don’t scale well.
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